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PREFACE ............................................................................................... x
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INTRODUCTION ................................................................................. xi |
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SECTION I - TROUBLESHOOTING AT THE WELL SITE |
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1
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Increasing Gas Flow At the Wellhead ................................................... 1
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Configuration of Tubing and Casing. Wellhead Performance Curve. Liquid Loading. Sustaining Gas Flow. Use of Intermitters. Sand Covering Perforations. Tagging Bottoms.
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2
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Additional Ideas To Enhance Gas Flow ............................................... 16
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Calculating Gas Flow At Different Wellhead Pressures. Coning Water Into A Well. Dual Completion Wells. Gas Recovery During Initial Flaring. Portable Sand Separator. Soap Sticks.
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3
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Wellhead Surface Equipment ............................................................... 25
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The Wellhead Tree. The Master And Secondary Valves. Casing Pressure. Heater Operation. High Pressure Separator. Three Phase Separator Condensate and Brine Tanks. Wellhead Flash Gas Recovery.
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4
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Wellhead Compression ......................................................................... 36
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Head-End/Crank-End Operation. Optimizing Suction Pressure. Horsepower Bottlenecks. Rod load Limits. Fuel Saving Ideas. Field Troubleshooting Checklist.
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5
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Process Cooling In Remote Locations ................................................ 49
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Heat Transfer Efficiency For Gas Cooling. Insufficient Air Flow. Fan Tip Speed. Blade Pitch. Effect Of Glycol Dehydrators. Turbocharger Discharge Coolers.
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SECTION II - TROUBLESHOOTING AT THE DEHYDRATION AND COMPRESSION STATION |
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6
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Glycol Dehydration ............................................................................... 59
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Glycol Pump. Reduced Glycol Circulation. Regeneration Temperature. Flooding Dehydration Tower. Plugged Trays. Effect of Temperature and Pressure. Selecting Dehydration Trays. Overheating Glycol. External Glycol Stripper. Di-, Tri-, or Tetra-Glycol?
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7
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Reciprocating Compressors ................................................................. 80
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Lost Compressor Horsepower. Unloader Failures. Cylinder Temperature. Beta Scans and the Carnot Cycle. Efficiency. Starting Volumetric Clearance. Valve Losses. Excessive Rod Loading.
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8
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Reciprocating Engines .......................................................................... 90
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Cylinder Exhaust Temperature. Vibration Analyzer. Turbochargers. Beta Scans And The Otto Cycle. Engine Efficiency.
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9
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Loss In Centrifugal Compressor Capacity ........................................ 100
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Compression Horsepower versus delta T. Labyrinth Seal Leakage. Rotor Fouling. Split Shaft Gas Turbine Drive. Salt Deposits. Dew Point Solid Deposits. Anti-Surge Control.
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10
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Gas Turbine Driven Centrifugal Compressors ................................. 112
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Exhaust Temperature Limits. Compressor versus Gas Properties. Rotor Fouling. Driver Efficiency.
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11
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Light Hydrocarbon Distillation .......................................................... 120
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Control Problems. Flooding. Tower Delta P. Liquid Level Causes Flooding. Temperature Survey. Foaming. Expanding Tray Capacity and Efficiency. Tray Damage.
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12
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Amine Regeneration and Scrubbing .................................................. 133
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Dirty Amine. Foaming. Corrosion Inhibitors, Reboiler and Condenser Corrosion. Reclaimer Operation for MEA. Filter Operation. Amine Strength. Retrofitting Ideas To Expand Capacity. Energy Savings.
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13
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Sulfur Plant Operation ........................................................................ 148
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Sulfur Losses. Air Ratio. Catalyst Activity Reheat Exchangers. Sulfur Fog. Start-Up Problems. Deposits On Catalyst Beds. Condenser Leaks. Plugged Seal Legs. Oxygen Enrichment. Cascading Seal Legs.
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SECTION III - PIPELINE PROBLEMS |
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14
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Hydrates .............................................................................................. 172
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Effect of Composition And Pressure. Cooling On Expansion. Use Of Methanol. Effect On Wellhead Compressors.
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15
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Production Metering ........................................................................... 180
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Pulsation Effects. Effect of Wellhead Compressors. Eroded, Plugged Orifices. Beta Ratio. Gas Field Balances. Custody Transfer Point.
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16
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Piping Pulsations ................................................................................. 188
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Running Compressors in Parallel. Resonant Piping Length. Pulsation Dampener Bottle. Effect Of Piping Design.
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17
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Corrosion and Fouling ........................................................................ 192
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Monitoring Internal Corrosion. External Pipeline Corrosion. Pipe-to-Soil Potential. Biological Corrosion.
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GLOSSARY ........................................................................................ 195
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INDEX ................................................................................................ 203
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