LIEBERMAN BOOKS By Norman P. Lieberman UNDERSTANDING PROCESS EQUIPMENT FOR OPERATORS AND ENGINEERS FIRST EDITION PUBLISHED BY: ELSEVIER ISBN 978-0-12-816161-6 CONTENTS PART 1. FRACTIONATION Factors Affecting Tray fractionation Efficiency: Effect of Incremental reboiler Steam / Entrainment and Tray Efficiency / tray Efficiency Calculations / the Problem with Valve Trays / Optimizing Fractionation Tray Efficiency / The Nature of Tray Efficiency / Delta "P" Hydraulic / Balancing Delta P Dry and Delta P Hydraulic / Optimizing Tray Efficiency-Process Design Perspective / Optimizing Tray Efficiency-Maintenance / Optimizing Tray Efficiency-Operations / Process Engineering in Action / Bubble Cap Trays How Distillation Trays Work: Entrainment and Tray Efficiency / Effect of Foam / Benefits of Reflux / Downcomer Back-Up / Tray Efficiency / Bubble Cap Tray Decks De-Entrainment of Vapors: Liquid-Liquid Separation / Vapor-Liquid Separators / Vortex Tube Clusters / Wash Oil Sprays / Vapor Distribution / Settling Liquid Out of Hydrocarbon Liquid Phase / Coalescers / Foam / Summary Fractionator Wash Oil Grids: Delayed Coker Wash Oil Section / Excessive Coker Grid Height / Wash Oil Distribution Problems / Selecting "C" Factor for Gravity Settling De-Entrainment / Vacuum Tower Wash Oil Grid / Installation Error Causes Fractionator Flooding: Running a Tower Pressure Drop Survey / Observed Pressure Measurements / Tower Internal Inspection Oil-Water Separation: pH Control / Control Valve Pressure Drop / Improved Feed Distributor / Coalescers / Sloped Settling Baffles / Particle Size and Settling Velocity PART 2. HYDRAULICS Hydraulics-Head; Pressure; Velocity: Relationship of Pressure, Head, and Velocity / My Bathroom Water Pressure / Converting Head Pressure / Into Velocity / Converting Pressure to Feet of Head / Centrifugal Pumps / Orifice Coefficients / Converting Velocity Back to Pressure / Pressure Balancing Holes Common Hydraulic Problems: Conversion of Velocity to Pressure / Water Hammer Dampener / Vapor Lock / Condensate Seal / Steam Hammer Applying Hydraulics to Process Problems: Pressure Recovery / Vapor Lock in an Emulsion / Cooling Water Piping Pressure Drop / Fractionation Tray Efficiency / Chimney Tray Pressure Drop PART 3. HEAT TRANSFER Troubleshooting Cooling Water Circuits: Cooling Towers / Wet Bulb Temperature / Water Pressure / Time, Temperature, and pH / Pressure Drop Survey / Frictional Loss in Water Piping / Hardness Deposits / Water pH Control / A Localized Restriction / Air Leaks in Suction / Approach to Wet Bulb Thermosyphon Circulation and Draft: Draft, Thermosyphon Circulation, and the Air Lift Pump / How Fast Will water Circulate? / Furnace Draft Losses / thermosiphon Circulation Latent Heat Transfer Concept: Nucleate Boiling Sites / Heat Flux Limited Situation / Sintered Metal Tube Coating / Effect of Circulation Rate on Maximum Reboiler Flux / Vapor Binding / Effect of Vapor Venting / Relationship of Sensible to Latent Heat of Steam / Conversion of Heat into Kinetic Energy / Effect of Molecular Attraction / Hydrogen Expansion / Latent Heat Effects / Evaporation / Ambient Heat Losses / Effect of Surfactants on Foaming Steam Flow Through Reboilers: Lost Reboiler Duty / Condensate Back-Up / Blowing Condensate Seal / Noncondensables in Steam / Lack of Thermosyphon Circulation / Correcting Design Error / Vapor Lock / Increasing Thermosyphon Circulation Heat Exchange in Condensers and Reboilers: Vapor Binding / Depropanizer Reboiler Tube Leak / Venting From a Vertical Thermosiphon Reboiler / Carbon Dioxide Accumulation / Air Leaks in Surface Condensers / Surface Condenser Air Baffle / Cooling Water Inlet Location / Effect of Smooth Reboiler Tubes / De-Superheating Vapors Crude Unit--Heat Exchanger Fouling: Which Side Should Crude Be Placed On / Why tubes Foul / Effect on Heat Transfer / Surface Roughness / Increasing the Number of Tube Side Passes / On-Line Spalling / Shell Side Cross-Flow Velocity PART 4. REVAMPING PROCESS UNITS Guide to Revamping Process Units: Preflash Tower Case History / Simulation Comparison / Design Basis / Distillation Tower Modelling / Selection of Tray Efficiency / Equation of State / Pressure Drop in Process Lines / Rigorous Determination Of Friction Factors Inside Process Piping / Crude Preheat Exchanger Network / Vacuum Tower Bottoms Composition Problems in Computer Modeling of Process Units: Computer Simulation of Fractionators / oil-water settling Velocity / Heat Exchanger Efficiency / Pressure Drop in Pipes / Fired Heater Limitations / Effective Design Methods Does Computer Modelling Reflect Reality? - Diesel Freeze Point: The Lab Analysis PART 5. FIRED HEATERS Effect of Combustion Air Preheat on a Fired Heater: Effect on Flame temperature / Effect of Improved Air-Fuel Mixing / Excess Air / Effect of Air Preheater Fired Heater--Safe Shutdown Due to a Tube Failure: Heater Tube Failed / Upper Explosive Limit / Snuffing Steam / Abandoning Box Steam Installation / Corrective Action PART 6. VACUUM SYSTEM Vacuum Towers: How Jets Work / Nonlinear Performance of Ejectors / Limitation of Water Vapor Pressure / Steam Turbine Vacuum Surface Condensers Upgrading Vacuum Tower Performance: Reducing Resid Gas Oil Content / Increasing Flash Zone Temperature / Commissioning Spare Steam Ejector / Silicas in Steam Nozzle / Wet Steam / Cooling Water Flow / Tube Material Selection / Drain Leg Leak Vacuum Ejectors as Wellhead Compressors: Vacuum System--Steam Ejectors / Converting Heat to Velocity / Steam Ejector as a Compressor / Converging-Diverging Steam Ejectors / Loss of Sonic Boost / Natural Gas Recovery PART 7. STEAM TURBINES AND EJECTORS Steam Turbine Vacuum Surface Condensers: Vacuum Condensers / Surface Condenser / Correction for Barometric Pressure / Vacuum Limits Due to Vapor Pressure of Water / FCU Air Blower Horsepower / Condensate Back-Up and Blowing the Condensate Seal Practical Use of Thermodynamics: Steam in Vacuum Ejectors / Property of Saturated Steam / Steam Turbines How Does Steam Work in Engines, Turbines, and Vacuum Ejectors: Reciprocating Steam Engine / Steam Turbines / Steam Pressure Converted to Horsepower / Momentum of Steam / Function of the Turbine Governor / Port Hand Valves / Isentropic Expansion / Turbine Efficiency / Vacuum Ejector / Momentum Converted to Pressure PART 8. ROTATING EQUIPMENT Centrifugal Pumps: Velocity, Head, and Pressure / Conversion of Velocity to Flowing Pressure / Function of a Pump Impeller / Converting Velocity to Head / Relationship of Head to Discharge Pressure / Pump Curve / Positive Displacement Pumps / Seal Oil Flow to Idle Pumps Centrifugal Pumps: Required Starting NPSH: Start-Up Problems / Nozzle and Piping Losses / The Bhopal Factor / Symptoms of Cavitation / Starting NPSH Requirements / Calculating Starting NPSH / Increasing Process Flow Rate / Increasing Available Starting NPSH on a Crude Unit Preflash Drum / Practical Steps to Minimize Cavitation / Examples of NPSH Calculations / Starting NPSH Requirement / Suction Pressure Control / Pump Suction Screens How Compressors Work: Centrifugal vs Axial Compressors / Centrifugal Compressors / Centrifugal Compressor Performance Curve / Stopping Surge / Benefit of Suction Throttling of Centrifugal Compressors / Shape of Compressor Curve / The Antisurge Valve / Reciprocating Compressors / Carnot Cycle / Temperature Profile / Rod Loading Why Centrifugal Compressors Surge: Aerodynamic Stall and Surge / Causes of Centrifugal Compressor Surge / Effect of Surge / Function of the Discharge Check Valve / Preventing Surge / My Alky Unit in Texas City / Controlling Vapor Recycle Temperature Refrigeration System: Refrigeration Limit / Refrigerant Composition / Increasing Refrigerant Volatility / Condenser Limitations / Refrigerant Carry-Over / Fouling / Forced Refrigerant PART 9. RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS AND PIPING VIBRATIONS Reciprocating Compressors: Starting Volumetric Clearance / Carnot Cycle / Recip Valves / Gas Expansion / Sources of Compression Inefficiency / Piston Rod Loading / Butane Circulation Limit / Pressure Differential Across Piston / Compression Work / Excessive Piston Rod Loading / Computer Control Application / Molecular weight Effect on Reciprocating Compressors / Effect of Molecular Weight on Flow Measurement Piping Vibrations: Steam Hammer / Avoiding Slug Flow / Effect of Vaporization in Heater / Piping Supports / Control Valve Vibrations / Natural Harmonic Frequency PART 10. PROBLEMS IN PROCESS OPERATIONS AND ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES Problems in Measuring Process Variables: Pressures / Effect of De-Acceleration / Level / Flows Cleaning Process Equipment: Packed Distillation Columns / Trayed Towers / Cleaning Heat Exchangers Tube Side / Hydroblasting "U" Tube Bundles / Acid Cleaning / Shell Side Cleaning / Air Coolers / Slug Washing Air Cooler Tubes / Fired Heater Convective Tubes / Coke Removal from the Inside of Radiant Tubes / Spalling and Hydroblasting / Cleaning Heater Tubes' Exteriors / Compressor Rotor Learning Process Engineering Principles: Function of a Process Engineer / Interfacing with Operators / Learning From Maintenance Personnel / Inspecting Tower Internals / Learning From Performance Tests Approximate Process Calculation Methods: Units / Pressure Drop / Heat / Volume and Weights How to Make a Technical Presentation: Visual Aids / Introducing Your Presentation / Illustrating Calculations / The Physical Setup / Presenting Equations / Asking Questions / Cell Phones PART 11. PLANT SAFETY Plant Safety Fundamentals: Location of Relief Valve / Level Indication / Flow Measurement / BP 2005--Raffinate Splitter Explosion--Texas City / How Levels Are Measured / Temperature vs Specific Gravity / Loop Seal Dangers of H2S, Steam, Nitrogen, and Hot Water: Coastal--Aruba / American Oil--Texas City / GHR Energy--Norco, Louisiana /Coastal--Corpus Christi / Amoco--Whiting, Indiana / Tenneco Oil--New Orleans / A Personal Near Miss / Working for Safety Safety--Attitude or Engineering? Sulfuric Acid Alkylation / Depropanizer Start-Up Procedure / Corrective Design Change Danger of Improper Process Controls: Alkylation Unit HF Stripper / Carbonates in Boiler Feed Water / Reboiler Channel Head Pressure / Consequences of Tube Leak / Condensate Drain Valve / Retrofit Design / Steam Trap Process Plant Safety: Sulfuric Acid Alky Operation / Alkylation Unit Design / The Nature of Sulfuric Acid / No.2 Alky--Texas City Avoiding Death and Disaster: BP--Deep Water Horizon Blow-Out / BP--Texas City--Raffinate Splitter Explosion / Union Carbide--Bhopal Disaster / Amoco, Texas City--Death by Nitrogen PART 12. CARING FOR OUR ENVIRONMENT Our Engineering Function in an Era of Global Warming: Explanation to Refinery Management Personnel / Photosynthesis / What Happened to the Oxygen / Results of Increase in Atmospheric Oxygen / Current CO2 Atmospheric Concentrations / Reduction of U-235 Heat Release / CO₂ Distribution / Energy Conservation Projects / Positive Feedback Loop / The Problem of Time Suppressing CO2 Emissions: Distillation Tower Tray Efficiency / Heat Exchanger Design / Fired Heaters--Excess Oxygen / Tramp Air Leaks--Radiant Section / Tramp Air Leaks in the Convective Section / Finding Tramp Air Leaks / Vacuum Systems / Air Coolers / Centrifugal Compressors / Reciprocating Compressors / Extending Mankind's Future on Planet Earth Interested in finding out details on how to order a book? Email Norm Contact Us Please provide Country/City/Zipcode for complete price quote including shipping & handling.

 

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