| Other Books by Norman Lieberman |
xiii |
| Introduction |
|
xv |
| Chapter 1. |
Process Operations & Design
Carl & Clare |
3 |
|
Increasing Cooling Water Flow Thru an Elevated Condenser or Cooler |
4
|
|
Hot Vapor By-Pass Pressure Control
|
7
|
|
Stalling A Thermosyphon Reboilers |
10
|
|
Optimizing Fractionator Pressure |
13
|
|
Adjusting Steam Turbine Speed to Minimize Steam Consumption
|
16
|
|
Steam Condensate Drainage from Reboilers Blowing Condensate Seal |
19
|
|
Effect of Reflux on Fractionator Top Temperature |
22
|
|
Centrifugal Pump Head Vs. Flow Performance Curves
|
25
|
|
Condensate Back-Up in Condensers – the Effect of Sub-Cooling
|
27
|
|
Distillation Tray Downcomer Back-Up and Liquid Flooding
|
29
|
|
Effect of Foam on Level Indication in Distillation Towers |
32
|
|
Split Liquid Levels in Vertical Vapor – Liquid Separators |
35
|
|
Optimizing Excess Air in A Fired Heater to Minimize Fuel Consumption
|
37
|
|
Distillation Tray Dumping or Weeping with Valve Cap Tray Decks |
41
|
|
Fired Heater – Tube Failures
|
44
|
|
Low Air Flow in A Fin Fan Forced Draft Air Cooler
|
47
|
|
Measuring Air Flow for a Fin Fan Aerial Cooler |
50
|
|
Measuring Cooling Tower Efficiency Approach to Wet Bulb Temperature |
53
|
|
Adjusting Heater Stack Damper for Optimum Energy Efficiency
|
56
|
|
Preventing Tray Dumping by Use of Bubble Cap Trays
|
59
|
|
Demister Fouling in Vapor-Liquid Separator Vessels |
62
|
|
Effect of Temperature on Liquid Level Indication
|
65
|
|
Draw-off Nozzle Capacity Limits |
68 |
|
On-Stream Repair of Tube Leaks in Surface Condenser |
70 |
|
When are Vortex Breakers Required? |
73 |
|
Naphtha Injection to Centrifugal Compressor |
76 |
|
Internal Overflow from Total Trap-Out Chimney Tray |
80 |
|
Vacuum Ejector – Loose Steam Nozzle |
83
|
|
Effect of Tramp Air Leaks on Heater Efficiency |
86
|
|
Steam Turbine – Surface Condenser Outlet Temperature |
92 |
|
Water Accumulation in Turbine Case |
96 |
|
| Chapter 2. |
Crude Distillation
Professor Pot & Kumar |
99 |
|
How to Adjust Pumparound Flows |
100 |
|
How Top Reflux Rate Affects Flooding on Top Trays |
103 |
|
Desalter – Adjusting Mix Valve Pressure Drop |
107 |
|
Causes of Tray Deck Fouling |
110 |
|
Minimizing Flash Zone Pressure |
113 |
|
How to Adjust Bottoms Stripping Steam Rate |
117 |
|
Overhead Condenser Corrosion |
120 |
|
On-Line Spalling of Crude Pre-Heat Exchangers |
123 |
|
Effect of Reflux on Overhead Accumulator Temperature |
127 |
|
Removing Trays from Pre-Flash Towers |
130 |
|
Total Trap – Out Chimney Tray |
133 |
|
Side Draw-Off Limitations |
136 |
|
Packed Towers |
139 |
|
Rules of Thumb for Packed Towers |
141 |
|
Controlling AGO Draw-Off Rate |
143 |
|
Filming Amine Plugs Overhead Vapor Line |
146 |
|
Stripping Tray Pressure Drop Profile |
150 |
|
Protecting Crude Tower Stripping Trays from Damage Due to Water in Steam |
153 |
|
| Chapter 3. |
Engineering Basics
Irene & Norm |
157 |
|
Draft in Fired Heaters |
158 |
|
Turbine Exhaust Surface Condenser Outlet Temperature |
162 |
|
Adjusting Steam Turbine to Save Steam |
166 |
|
Distillation Tray Downcomer Seal |
170 |
|
Bernoulli’s Equation |
173 |
|
Properties of Steam |
176 |
|
Measuring Flows |
179 |
|
Head Loss in Pipelines |
182 |
|
Irene Explains Horsepower |
185 |
|
Refrigeration |
186 |
|
Packed Towers Vs. Trayed Towers |
190 |
|
Condensing Steam Turbine Exhaust |
194 |
|
Maximizing Lmtd in Heat Exchangers |
198 |
|
| Chapter 4. |
Routine Refinery Operating Problems
Dr. Petry & Pat |
203 |
|
Pump Bearings Lubrication |
204 |
|
Pressure Measurement Problems in Vapor Lines |
207 |
|
Negative Pressure Drops |
210 |
|
Coked-Up Thermowells |
213 |
|
Centrifugal Compressor Surging |
216 |
|
Commissioning Steam Turbine |
219 |
|
Refrigeration Systems |
222 |
|
Seal Pan Drain Hole |
225 |
|
Measuring Steam Flow Without A Steam Meter |
228 |
|
Air Leak on Suction of Cooling Water Pump |
231 |
|
| Chapter 5. |
Refinery Safety
Dangerous Dan & Safety Sally |
235 |
|
Auto Ignition of Hydrocarbon |
236 |
|
Failure of Mechanical Pump Seals |
239 |
|
Sampling Tar Safely |
242 |
|
Dangers of Iron Sulfides |
244 |
|
H2S Fatalities |
247 |
|
Fired Heater – Positive Pressure |
250 |
|
Refinery Explosions & Fires |
253 |
|
Flooding Fire Box with Fuel |
256 |
|
Routing Relief Valves to the Flare |
259 |
|
Isolating Equipment with Gate Valves |
262 |
|
Explosive Limit of Hydrogen |
265 |
|
Climate Change |
268 |
|
Danger of Carbon Steel Piping Spool Pieces |
271 |
|
Screwed Connections |
274 |
|
Dangers of Steam Deaerators |
277 |
|
Connecting Steam Hose to Hydrocarbon System |
281 |
|
Process Vessel Collapse Under Vacuum During Start-Up |
284 |
|
Acid Gas K.O. Drum |
287 |
|
Safety Note |
290 |
|
|
Value of a Chemical Engineering Degree to the Process Engineer in a Refinery |
291 |
|
| Chapter 6. |
Pitfalls in Computer Modeling |
295 |
|
Basis for Process Engineering Calculations |
296 |
|
Underlying Assumptions in Distillation Technology |
297 |
|
Tray Fractionation Efficiency |
298 |
|
Heat Exchanger Train Performance |
299 |
|
Heat Exchanger Pressure Drop |
300 |
|
Packed Towers |
301 |
|
Air Coolers |
302 |
|
Fired Equipment |
303 |
|
Piping Systems |
304 |
|
Centrifugal Pumps – NPSH |
305 |
|
Rotating Equipment |
306 |
|
Summary |
307 |
|
References |
308 |
|
| Chapter 7. |
Latent Heat Transfer |
309 |
|
Propane-Butane Splitter Reboiler |
311 |
|
Heat Flux Limitations |
312 |
|
| Chapter 8. |
Hydraulics |
315 |
|
Fluids other than Water |
317 |
|
Rotational Energy |
318 |
|
Pressure Drop Through an Orifice |
319 |
|
Effect of Fluid Density on Orifice Pressure Drop |
320 |
|
Head Loss in Piping |
321 |
|
Factor Affecting Orifice Coefficients |
323 |
|
Compressible Fluids |
324 |
|
| Chapter 9. |
Air Coolers |
325 |
|
Measuring Air Flow |
326 |
|
Air Recirculation |
327 |
|
Vane Tip Clearance Problems |
329 |
|
Cleaning Tube Bundle |
330 |
|
Effect of Fouling on Reverse Air Flow |
331 |
|
Effect of Adding Rows of Tubes |
332 |
|
Changing Fan Blade Tips & Speed |
333 |
|
Slipping Belts |
334 |
|
Air Humidification |
335 |
|
Induced Draft Fans |
336 |
|
| Chapter 10. |
Extracting Work from Steam |
337 |
|
An Isentropic Expansion |
338 |
|
Steam Turbines |
339 |
|
The Potential Energy of Steam |
340 |
|
Condensing Steam at Low Pressure |
342 |
|
The Meaning of Entropy |
343 |
|
|
Video Library (list of videos) |
345 |
|
The Norm Lieberman Refinery Troubleshooting Seminar on Video (details of program contents) |
347 |
|
Index |
349 |
